  '''Gilgamesh''' (, Akkadian cuneiform:  [], ''Gilgameš'', also known as '''Bilgames''' in the earliest Sumerian texts)''The Epic of Gilgamesh'', translated by Andrew George 1999, Penguin books Ltd, Harmondsworth, p. 141 ISBN 13579108642 was the fifth king of Uruk, modern day Iraq and Kuwait (Early Dynastic II, first dynasty of Uruk), placing his reign ca. 2500 BC. According to the Sumerian king list he reigned for 126 years. In the '''Tummal Inscription,'''The Tummal Inscription, an expanded king-list based on the standard Old Babylonian copy-texts, which exist in numerous examples, from Ur and Nippur. Gilgamesh, and his son Urlugal, rebuilt the sanctuary of the goddess Ninlil, in Tummal, a sacred quarter in her city of Nippur. Gilgamesh is the central character in the ''Epic of Gilgamesh,'' the greatest surviving work of early Mesopotamian literature. In the epic his father was Lugalbanda and his mother was Ninsun (whom some call Rimat Ninsun), a goddess. In Mesopotamian mythology, Gilgamesh is a demigod of superhuman strength who built the city walls of Uruk to defend his people from external threats, and travelled to meet the sage Utnapishtim, who had survived the Great Deluge. He is usually described as two-thirds god and one third man. This specific fraction of his divine inheritance is highly specific in the ancient world and has recently been revealed to possibly represent the genetic conditions of mosaicism or chimerism.  ==Cuneiform references== 9th century BC orthostat relief found in [[Kapara's palace, Tell Halaf, depicting &quot;Gilgamesh Between Two Bull-Men Supporting a Winged Sun Disk]] In the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', Gilgamesh is credited with the building of the legendary walls of Uruk. An alternative version has Gilgamesh telling Urshanabi, the ferryman, that the city's walls were built by the Seven Sages. In historical times, Sargon of Akkad claimed to have destroyed these walls to prove his military power.  Fragments of an epic text found in Me-Turan (modern Tell Haddad) relate that at the end of his life Gilgamesh was buried under the river bed. The people of Uruk diverted the flow of the Euphrates passing Uruk for the purpose of burying the dead king within the river bed. In April 2003, a German expedition claimed to have discovered his last resting place.[ &quot;Gilgamesh tomb believed found&quot;], BBC News, 29 April 2003  It is generally accepted that Gilgamesh was a historical figure, since inscriptions have been found which confirm the historical existence of other figures associated with him: such as the kings Enmebaragesi and Aga of Kish.  If Gilgamesh was a historical king, he probably reigned in about the 26th century BC. Some of the earliest Sumerian texts spell his name as ''Bilgames''. Initial difficulties in reading cuneiform resulted in Gilgamesh making his re-entrance into world culture in 1891 as '''&quot;Izdubar&quot;'''.In Alfred Jeremias, ''Izdubar-Nimrod, eine altbabylonische Heldensage'' (1891).  In most texts, Gilgamesh is written with the determinative for divine beings (''DINGIR'') - but there is no evidence for a contemporary cult, and the Sumerian Gilgamesh myths suggest that deification was a later development (unlike the case of the Akkadian god kings). Over the centuries there was a gradual accretion of stories about him, some probably derived from the real lives of other historical figures, in particular Gudea, the Second Dynasty ruler of Lagash (2144–2124 BC).N.K. Sandars, introduction to ''The Epic of Gilgamesh'' (Penguin, 1972:16).  '''Reference''':  ''Demigod:'' one parent was a god and whose other parent was human  ==Later (non-cuneiform) references== Statue of Gilgamesh on grounds of [[University of Sydney, Australia]]  In the Qumran scroll known as ''Book of Giants'' (ca. 100 BC) the names of Gilgamesh and Humbaba appear as two of the antediluvian giants (in consonantal form), rendered as '''glgmš''' and ''ḩwbbyš''. This same text was later used in the Middle East by the Manichaean sects, and the Arabic form ''Jiljamish'' survives as the name of a demon according to the Egyptian cleric Al-Suyuti (ca. 1500).A. R. George, ''The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic'' p 60.   The name Gilgamesh appears once in Greek, as &quot;Gilgamos&quot; (Γίλγαμος), in Aelian, ''De Natura Animalium'' (''On animals'') 12.21 (ca. AD 200).Walter Burkert: ''The Orientalizing Revolution''; 1992, p. 33 note 32. In Aelian's story, the King of Babylon, Seuechorus or Euechorus, determined by oracle that his grandson Gilgamos would kill him, so he threw him out of a high tower. An eagle broke his fall, and the infant was found and raised by a gardener, eventually becoming king.  Theodore Bar Konai (ca. AD 600), writing in Syriac, also mentions a king ''Gligmos'', ''Gmigmos'' or ''Gamigos'' as last of a line of 12 kings who were contemporaneous with the patriarchs from Peleg to Abraham; this occurrence is also considered a vestige of Gilgamesh's former memory.George, ''The Babylonian Gilgamesh epic'' p. 61Tigay, ''The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic'' p. 252.  ==Notes==   