{"took":2061,"timed_out":false,"_shards":{"total":5,"successful":5,"skipped":0,"failed":0},"hits":{"total":8662691,"max_score":95.61592,"hits":[{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-47747524-32","_score":95.61592,"_routing":"wiki-47747524","_source":{"id": "wiki-47747524-32", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-47747524"}, "title": "President of the People's Republic of China", "title_unescape": "President of the People's Republic of China", "text": "Lower officials would be transported in a CAAC <a href=\"Boeing 707\">Boeing 707</a>. Chairman <a href=\"Mao Zedong\">Mao Zedong</a> had a personal <a href=\"Ilyushin Il-18\">Ilyushin Il-18</a> which he used on his visits. After he died, the aircraft was withdrawn from service and preserved at an aviation museum in China. In the 1970s, the position of Chinese president was abolished, but <a href=\"Mao Zedong\">Mao Zedong</a> and <a href=\"Hua Guofeng\">Hua Guofeng</a> were <a href=\"Chairman of the Communist Party of China\">Chairman of the Communist Party of China</a> successively. With the introduction of the Boeing 747, officials started using the CAAC <a href=\"Boeing 747SP\">Boeing 747SP</a> for international trips. After the CAAC was split up into six in 1988, the 747s were handed over to <a href=\"Air China\">Air China</a>, and officials continued using 747SPs under the CA livery. ", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"President of the People's Republic of China\", \"text\": [\"Lower officials would be transported in a CAAC <a href=\\\"Boeing 707\\\">Boeing 707</a>. \", \"Chairman <a href=\\\"Mao Zedong\\\">Mao Zedong</a> had a personal <a href=\\\"Ilyushin Il-18\\\">Ilyushin Il-18</a> which he used on his visits. \", \"After he died, the aircraft was withdrawn from service and preserved at an aviation museum in China. \", \"In the 1970s, the position of Chinese president was abolished, but <a href=\\\"Mao Zedong\\\">Mao Zedong</a> and <a href=\\\"Hua Guofeng\\\">Hua Guofeng</a> were <a href=\\\"Chairman of the Communist Party of China\\\">Chairman of the Communist Party of China</a> successively. \", \"With the introduction of the Boeing 747, officials started using the CAAC <a href=\\\"Boeing 747SP\\\">Boeing 747SP</a> for international trips. \", \"After the CAAC was split up into six in 1988, the 747s were handed over to <a href=\\\"Air China\\\">Air China</a>, and officials continued using 747SPs under the CA livery. \", \"\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-47747524-32\"}", "docid": "wiki-47747524-32"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-47747524-42","_score":95.56885,"_routing":"wiki-47747524","_source":{"id": "wiki-47747524-42", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-47747524"}, "title": "President of the People's Republic of China", "title_unescape": "President of the People's Republic of China", "text": "For President <a href=\"Liu Shaoqi\">Liu Shaoqi</a>, he was also the first <a href=\"Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China\">vice chairman of the Communist Party of China</a>, ranked second in the <a href=\"Communist Party of China\">Communist Party of China</a>, behind Chairman <a href=\"Mao Zedong\">Mao Zedong</a>. For President <a href=\"Li Xiannian\">Li Xiannian</a>, he was also the 5th ranked member of the <a href=\"Politburo Standing Committee\">Politburo Standing Committee</a>, after CPC general secretary and premier. For President <a href=\"Yang Shangkun\">Yang Shangkun</a>, he was not a member of Politburo Standing Committee, but he ranked third after General Secretary <a href=\"Zhao Ziyang\">Zhao Ziyang</a> and <a href=\"Deng Xiaoping\">Deng Xiaoping</a>. Since <a href=\"Jiang Zemin\">Jiang Zemin</a>, the president is also the <a href=\"General Secretary of the Communist Party of China\">general secretary of the Communist Party of China</a>, ranking first in party and state.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"President of the People's Republic of China\", \"text\": [\"For President <a href=\\\"Liu Shaoqi\\\">Liu Shaoqi</a>, he was also the first <a href=\\\"Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China\\\">vice chairman of the Communist Party of China</a>, ranked second in the <a href=\\\"Communist Party of China\\\">Communist Party of China</a>, behind Chairman <a href=\\\"Mao Zedong\\\">Mao Zedong</a>. \", \"For President <a href=\\\"Li Xiannian\\\">Li Xiannian</a>, he was also the 5th ranked member of the <a href=\\\"Politburo Standing Committee\\\">Politburo Standing Committee</a>, after CPC general secretary and premier. \", \"For President <a href=\\\"Yang Shangkun\\\">Yang Shangkun</a>, he was not a member of Politburo Standing Committee, but he ranked third after General Secretary <a href=\\\"Zhao Ziyang\\\">Zhao Ziyang</a> and <a href=\\\"Deng Xiaoping\\\">Deng Xiaoping</a>. \", \"Since <a href=\\\"Jiang Zemin\\\">Jiang Zemin</a>, the president is also the <a href=\\\"General Secretary of the Communist Party of China\\\">general secretary of the Communist Party of China</a>, ranking first in party and state.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-47747524-42\"}", "docid": "wiki-47747524-42"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-47747524-6","_score":94.71735,"_routing":"wiki-47747524","_source":{"id": "wiki-47747524-6", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-47747524"}, "title": "President of the People's Republic of China", "title_unescape": "President of the People's Republic of China", "text": "The presidency was first established in the <a href=\"Constitution of the People's Republic of China\">Constitution of the People's Republic of China</a> in 1954 and successively held by <a href=\"Mao Zedong\">Mao Zedong</a> and <a href=\"Liu Shaoqi\">Liu Shaoqi</a>. Liu fell into political disgrace during the <a href=\"Cultural Revolution\">Cultural Revolution</a>, after which the presidency became vacant. The presidency was abolished under the Constitution of 1975, then reinstated in the Constitution of 1982, but with reduced powers. The official English-language <a href=\"translation\">translation</a> of the title was \"<a href=\"Chairman\">Chairman</a>\"; after 1982, this translation was changed to \"<a href=\"President (government title)\">President</a>\", although the Chinese title remains unchanged. ", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"President of the People's Republic of China\", \"text\": [\"The presidency was first established in the <a href=\\\"Constitution of the People's Republic of China\\\">Constitution of the People's Republic of China</a> in 1954 and successively held by <a href=\\\"Mao Zedong\\\">Mao Zedong</a> and <a href=\\\"Liu Shaoqi\\\">Liu Shaoqi</a>. \", \"Liu fell into political disgrace during the <a href=\\\"Cultural Revolution\\\">Cultural Revolution</a>, after which the presidency became vacant. \", \"The presidency was abolished under the Constitution of 1975, then reinstated in the Constitution of 1982, but with reduced powers. \", \"The official English-language <a href=\\\"translation\\\">translation</a> of the title was \\\"<a href=\\\"Chairman\\\">Chairman</a>\\\"; after 1982, this translation was changed to \\\"<a href=\\\"President (government title)\\\">President</a>\\\", although the Chinese title remains unchanged. \", \"\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-47747524-6\"}", "docid": "wiki-47747524-6"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-6","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-6", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "On October 1, 1949, Mao <a href=\"Proclamation of the People's Republic of China\">proclaimed the foundation of the PRC</a>, a <a href=\"single-party state\">single-party state</a> controlled by the CPC. In the following years he solidified his control through <a href=\"Chinese Land Reform\">campaigns against landlords</a>, <a href=\"Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries\">suppression of \"counter-revolutionaries\"</a>, \"<a href=\"Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns\">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a>\" and through a psychological victory in the <a href=\"Korean War\">Korean War</a>, which altogether caused the deaths of several-million Chinese. From 1953\u20131958, Mao played an important role in enforcing <a href=\"planned economy\">planned economy</a> in China, constructing the <a href=\"1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China\">first Constitution of the PRC</a>, launching the <a href=\"Industry of China\">industrialisation program</a>, and initiating the \"<a href=\"Two Bombs, One Satellite\">Two Bombs, One Satellite</a>\" project. On the other hand, in 1955-1957, Mao launched the <a href=\"Sufan movement\">Sufan movement</a> and the <a href=\"Anti-Rightist Campaign\">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a>, with at least 550,000 people persecuted in the latter, most of whom were intellectuals and dissidents. In 1958, he launched the <a href=\"Great Leap Forward\">Great Leap Forward</a> that aimed to rapidly transform China's economy from <a href=\"Agrarian society\">agrarian</a> to <a href=\"Industrial society\">industrial</a>, which led to the <a href=\"Great Chinese Famine\">deadliest famine in history</a> and the deaths of 20\u201346 million people between 1958 and 1962. In 1963, Mao launched the <a href=\"Socialist Education Movement\">Socialist Education Movement</a>, and in 1966 he initiated the <a href=\"Cultural Revolution\">Cultural Revolution</a>, a program to remove \"counter-revolutionary\" elements in Chinese society which lasted 10 years and was marked by violent <a href=\"class struggle\">class struggle</a>, widespread destruction of cultural artifacts, and an unprecedented elevation of <a href=\"Mao's cult of personality\">Mao's cult of personality</a>. Tens of millions of people were persecuted during the Revolution, while the estimated number of deaths ranges from hundreds of thousands to millions, including <a href=\"Liu Shaoqi\">Liu Shaoqi</a>, the <a href=\"President of the People's Republic of China\">2nd Chairman of the PRC</a>. After years of ill health, Mao suffered a series of heart attacks in 1976 and died at the age of 82. During Mao's era, China's population grew from around 550 million to over 900 million while the government did not strictly enforce its <a href=\"family planning policy\">family planning policy</a>, forcing Mao's successors such as <a href=\"Deng Xiaoping\">Deng Xiaoping</a> to take <a href=\"One-child policy\">stricter policies</a> to cope with the <a href=\"Human overpopulation\">overpopulation crisis</a>.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"On October 1, 1949, Mao <a href=\\\"Proclamation of the People's Republic of China\\\">proclaimed the foundation of the PRC</a>, a <a href=\\\"single-party state\\\">single-party state</a> controlled by the CPC. In the following years he solidified his control through <a href=\\\"Chinese Land Reform\\\">campaigns against landlords</a>, <a href=\\\"Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries\\\">suppression of \\\"counter-revolutionaries\\\"</a>, \\\"<a href=\\\"Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns\\\">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a>\\\" and through a psychological victory in the <a href=\\\"Korean War\\\">Korean War</a>, which altogether caused the deaths of several-million Chinese. \", \"From 1953\\u20131958, Mao played an important role in enforcing <a href=\\\"planned economy\\\">planned economy</a> in China, constructing the <a href=\\\"1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China\\\">first Constitution of the PRC</a>, launching the <a href=\\\"Industry of China\\\">industrialisation program</a>, and initiating the \\\"<a href=\\\"Two Bombs, One Satellite\\\">Two Bombs, One Satellite</a>\\\" project. \", \"On the other hand, in 1955-1957, Mao launched the <a href=\\\"Sufan movement\\\">Sufan movement</a> and the <a href=\\\"Anti-Rightist Campaign\\\">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a>, with at least 550,000 people persecuted in the latter, most of whom were intellectuals and dissidents. \", \"In 1958, he launched the <a href=\\\"Great Leap Forward\\\">Great Leap Forward</a> that aimed to rapidly transform China's economy from <a href=\\\"Agrarian society\\\">agrarian</a> to <a href=\\\"Industrial society\\\">industrial</a>, which led to the <a href=\\\"Great Chinese Famine\\\">deadliest famine in history</a> and the deaths of 20\\u201346 million people between 1958 and 1962. \", \"In 1963, Mao launched the <a href=\\\"Socialist Education Movement\\\">Socialist Education Movement</a>, and in 1966 he initiated the <a href=\\\"Cultural Revolution\\\">Cultural Revolution</a>, a program to remove \\\"counter-revolutionary\\\" elements in Chinese society which lasted 10 years and was marked by violent <a href=\\\"class struggle\\\">class struggle</a>, widespread destruction of cultural artifacts, and an unprecedented elevation of <a href=\\\"Mao's cult of personality\\\">Mao's cult of personality</a>. \", \"Tens of millions of people were persecuted during the Revolution, while the estimated number of deaths ranges from hundreds of thousands to millions, including <a href=\\\"Liu Shaoqi\\\">Liu Shaoqi</a>, the <a href=\\\"President of the People's Republic of China\\\">2nd Chairman of the PRC</a>. \", \"After years of ill health, Mao suffered a series of heart attacks in 1976 and died at the age of 82. \", \"During Mao's era, China's population grew from around 550 million to over 900 million while the government did not strictly enforce its <a href=\\\"family planning policy\\\">family planning policy</a>, forcing Mao's successors such as <a href=\\\"Deng Xiaoping\\\">Deng Xiaoping</a> to take <a href=\\\"One-child policy\\\">stricter policies</a> to cope with the <a href=\\\"Human overpopulation\\\">overpopulation crisis</a>.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-6\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-6"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-8","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-8", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "A controversial figure, Mao is regarded as one of the most important and influential individuals in <a href=\"Modern history\">modern world history</a>. He is also known as a political intellect, theorist, military strategist, poet, and visionary. During Mao's era, China was involved in the <a href=\"Korean War\">Korean War</a>, the <a href=\"Sino-Soviet split\">Sino-Soviet split</a>, the <a href=\"Vietnam War\">Vietnam War</a>, and the rise of <a href=\"Khmer Rouge\">Khmer Rouge</a>; in particular, in 1972, Mao <a href=\"1972 Nixon visit to China\">welcomed U.S. President Richard Nixon</a> in Beijing, signalling the start of <a href=\"Open Door Policy#In modern China\">a policy</a> of opening China to the world. Supporters credit him with driving <a href=\"imperialism\">imperialism</a> out of China, modernising the nation and building it into a <a href=\"world power\">world power</a>, promoting the status of women, improving education and health care, as well as increasing <a href=\"life expectancy\">life expectancy</a> of average Chinese. Conversely, his regime has been called autocratic and <a href=\"Totalitarianism\">totalitarian</a>, and condemned for bringing about mass repression and destroying religious and cultural artifacts and sites. It was additionally responsible for vast numbers of deaths with estimates ranging from 40 to 80 million victims through starvation, persecution, <a href=\"Laogai\">prison labour</a> and mass executions.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"A controversial figure, Mao is regarded as one of the most important and influential individuals in <a href=\\\"Modern history\\\">modern world history</a>. \", \"He is also known as a political intellect, theorist, military strategist, poet, and visionary. \", \"During Mao's era, China was involved in the <a href=\\\"Korean War\\\">Korean War</a>, the <a href=\\\"Sino-Soviet split\\\">Sino-Soviet split</a>, the <a href=\\\"Vietnam War\\\">Vietnam War</a>, and the rise of <a href=\\\"Khmer Rouge\\\">Khmer Rouge</a>; in particular, in 1972, Mao <a href=\\\"1972 Nixon visit to China\\\">welcomed U.S. President Richard Nixon</a> in Beijing, signalling the start of <a href=\\\"Open Door Policy#In modern China\\\">a policy</a> of opening China to the world. \", \"Supporters credit him with driving <a href=\\\"imperialism\\\">imperialism</a> out of China, modernising the nation and building it into a <a href=\\\"world power\\\">world power</a>, promoting the status of women, improving education and health care, as well as increasing <a href=\\\"life expectancy\\\">life expectancy</a> of average Chinese. \", \"Conversely, his regime has been called autocratic and <a href=\\\"Totalitarianism\\\">totalitarian</a>, and condemned for bringing about mass repression and destroying religious and cultural artifacts and sites. \", \"It was additionally responsible for vast numbers of deaths with estimates ranging from 40 to 80 million victims through starvation, persecution, <a href=\\\"Laogai\\\">prison labour</a> and mass executions.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-8\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-8"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-10","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-10", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "During Mao's lifetime, the English-language media universally rendered his name as Mao Tse-tung, using the <a href=\"Wade-Giles\">Wade-Giles</a> system of transliteration for Standard Chinese though with the circumflex accent in the syllable \"Ts\u00ea\" dropped. Due to its recognizability, the spelling was used widely, even by the Foreign Ministry of the PRC after pinyin (\"<a href=\"Pinyin\">Hanyu Pinyin</a>\") became the PRC's official romanization system for <a href=\"Mandarin Chinese\">Mandarin Chinese</a> in 1958. For example, the well-known booklet of Mao's political statements, \"<a href=\"Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung\">\"The Little Red Book\"</a>\", was officially entitled \"Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung\" in English translations. While the pinyin-derived spelling \"Mao Zedong\" is increasingly common, the Wade-Giles-derived spelling \"Mao Tse-tung\" continues to be used in modern publications to some extent.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"During Mao's lifetime, the English-language media universally rendered his name as Mao Tse-tung, using the <a href=\\\"Wade-Giles\\\">Wade-Giles</a> system of transliteration for Standard Chinese though with the circumflex accent in the syllable \\\"Ts\\u00ea\\\" dropped. \", \"Due to its recognizability, the spelling was used widely, even by the Foreign Ministry of the PRC after pinyin (\\\"<a href=\\\"Pinyin\\\">Hanyu Pinyin</a>\\\") became the PRC's official romanization system for <a href=\\\"Mandarin Chinese\\\">Mandarin Chinese</a> in 1958. \", \"For example, the well-known booklet of Mao's political statements, \\\"<a href=\\\"Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung\\\">\\\"The Little Red Book\\\"</a>\\\", was officially entitled \\\"Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung\\\" in English translations. \", \"While the pinyin-derived spelling \\\"Mao Zedong\\\" is increasingly common, the Wade-Giles-derived spelling \\\"Mao Tse-tung\\\" continues to be used in modern publications to some extent.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-10\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-10"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-12","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-12", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Mao Zedong was born on December 26, 1893 in <a href=\"Shaoshan\">Shaoshan</a> village, <a href=\"Hunan\">Hunan</a>. His father, <a href=\"Mao Yichang\">Mao Yichang</a>, was a formerly impoverished peasant who had become one of the wealthiest farmers in Shaoshan. Growing up in rural Hunan, Mao described his father as a stern disciplinarian, who would beat him and his three siblings, the boys <a href=\"Mao Zemin\">Zemin</a> and <a href=\"Mao Zetan\">Zetan</a>, as well as an adopted girl, <a href=\"Mao Zejian\">Zejian</a>. Mao's mother, <a href=\"Wen Qimei\">Wen Qimei</a>, was a devout <a href=\"Buddhism\">Buddhist</a> who tried to temper her husband's strict attitude. Mao too became a Buddhist, but abandoned this faith in his mid-teenage years. At age 8, Mao was sent to Shaoshan Primary School. Learning the value systems of <a href=\"Confucianism\">Confucianism</a>, he later admitted that he did not enjoy the <a href=\"Chinese classics\">classical Chinese texts</a> preaching Confucian morals, instead favouring popular novels like \"<a href=\"Romance of the Three Kingdoms\">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a>\" and \"<a href=\"Water Margin\">Water Margin</a>\". At age 13, Mao finished primary education, and his father united him in an <a href=\"arranged marriage\">arranged marriage</a> to the 17-year-old <a href=\"Luo Yixiu\">Luo Yixiu</a>, thereby uniting their land-owning families. Mao refused to recognise her as his wife, becoming a fierce critic of arranged marriage and temporarily moving away. Luo was locally disgraced and died in 1910.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Mao Zedong was born on December 26, 1893 in <a href=\\\"Shaoshan\\\">Shaoshan</a> village, <a href=\\\"Hunan\\\">Hunan</a>. \", \"His father, <a href=\\\"Mao Yichang\\\">Mao Yichang</a>, was a formerly impoverished peasant who had become one of the wealthiest farmers in Shaoshan. \", \"Growing up in rural Hunan, Mao described his father as a stern disciplinarian, who would beat him and his three siblings, the boys <a href=\\\"Mao Zemin\\\">Zemin</a> and <a href=\\\"Mao Zetan\\\">Zetan</a>, as well as an adopted girl, <a href=\\\"Mao Zejian\\\">Zejian</a>. \", \"Mao's mother, <a href=\\\"Wen Qimei\\\">Wen Qimei</a>, was a devout <a href=\\\"Buddhism\\\">Buddhist</a> who tried to temper her husband's strict attitude. \", \"Mao too became a Buddhist, but abandoned this faith in his mid-teenage years. \", \"At age 8, Mao was sent to Shaoshan Primary School. \", \"Learning the value systems of <a href=\\\"Confucianism\\\">Confucianism</a>, he later admitted that he did not enjoy the <a href=\\\"Chinese classics\\\">classical Chinese texts</a> preaching Confucian morals, instead favouring popular novels like \\\"<a href=\\\"Romance of the Three Kingdoms\\\">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a>\\\" and \\\"<a href=\\\"Water Margin\\\">Water Margin</a>\\\". \", \"At age 13, Mao finished primary education, and his father united him in an <a href=\\\"arranged marriage\\\">arranged marriage</a> to the 17-year-old <a href=\\\"Luo Yixiu\\\">Luo Yixiu</a>, thereby uniting their land-owning families. \", \"Mao refused to recognise her as his wife, becoming a fierce critic of arranged marriage and temporarily moving away. \", \"Luo was locally disgraced and died in 1910.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-12\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-12"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-14","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-14", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "While working on his father's farm, Mao read voraciously and developed a \"political consciousness\" from <a href=\"Zheng Guanying\">Zheng Guanying</a>'s booklet which lamented the deterioration of Chinese power and argued for the adoption of <a href=\"representative democracy\">representative democracy</a>. Interested in history, Mao was inspired by the military prowess and nationalistic fervour of <a href=\"George Washington\">George Washington</a> and <a href=\"Napoleon Bonaparte\">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>. His political views were shaped by <a href=\"Gelaohui\">Gelaohui</a>-led protests which erupted following a famine in <a href=\"Changsha\">Changsha</a>, the capital of Hunan; Mao supported the protesters' demands, but the armed forces suppressed the dissenters and executed their leaders. The famine spread to Shaoshan, where starving peasants seized his father's grain. He disapproved of their actions as morally wrong, but claimed sympathy for their situation. At age 16, Mao moved to a higher primary school in nearby Dongshan, where he was bullied for his peasant background.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"While working on his father's farm, Mao read voraciously and developed a \\\"political consciousness\\\" from <a href=\\\"Zheng Guanying\\\">Zheng Guanying</a>'s booklet which lamented the deterioration of Chinese power and argued for the adoption of <a href=\\\"representative democracy\\\">representative democracy</a>. \", \"Interested in history, Mao was inspired by the military prowess and nationalistic fervour of <a href=\\\"George Washington\\\">George Washington</a> and <a href=\\\"Napoleon Bonaparte\\\">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>. \", \"His political views were shaped by <a href=\\\"Gelaohui\\\">Gelaohui</a>-led protests which erupted following a famine in <a href=\\\"Changsha\\\">Changsha</a>, the capital of Hunan; Mao supported the protesters' demands, but the armed forces suppressed the dissenters and executed their leaders. \", \"The famine spread to Shaoshan, where starving peasants seized his father's grain. \", \"He disapproved of their actions as morally wrong, but claimed sympathy for their situation. \", \"At age 16, Mao moved to a higher primary school in nearby Dongshan, where he was bullied for his peasant background.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-14\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-14"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-16","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-16", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "In 1911, Mao began middle school in Changsha. Revolutionary sentiment was strong in the city, where there was widespread animosity towards Emperor <a href=\"Puyi\">Puyi</a>'s <a href=\"absolute monarchy\">absolute monarchy</a> and many were advocating <a href=\"republicanism\">republicanism</a>. The republicans' figurehead was <a href=\"Sun Yat-sen\">Sun Yat-sen</a>, an American-educated Christian who led the <a href=\"Tongmenghui\">Tongmenghui</a> society. In Changsha, Mao was influenced by Sun's newspaper, \"The People's Independence\" (\"Minli bao\"), and called for Sun to become president in a school essay. As a symbol of rebellion against the <a href=\"Manchu\">Manchu</a> monarch, Mao and a friend cut off their <a href=\"Queue (hairstyle)\">queue</a> pigtails, a sign of subservience to the emperor.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"In 1911, Mao began middle school in Changsha. \", \"Revolutionary sentiment was strong in the city, where there was widespread animosity towards Emperor <a href=\\\"Puyi\\\">Puyi</a>'s <a href=\\\"absolute monarchy\\\">absolute monarchy</a> and many were advocating <a href=\\\"republicanism\\\">republicanism</a>. \", \"The republicans' figurehead was <a href=\\\"Sun Yat-sen\\\">Sun Yat-sen</a>, an American-educated Christian who led the <a href=\\\"Tongmenghui\\\">Tongmenghui</a> society. \", \"In Changsha, Mao was influenced by Sun's newspaper, \\\"The People's Independence\\\" (\\\"Minli bao\\\"), and called for Sun to become president in a school essay. \", \"As a symbol of rebellion against the <a href=\\\"Manchu\\\">Manchu</a> monarch, Mao and a friend cut off their <a href=\\\"Queue (hairstyle)\\\">queue</a> pigtails, a sign of subservience to the emperor.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-16\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-16"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-18","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-18", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Inspired by Sun's republicanism, the army rose up across southern China, sparking the <a href=\"Xinhai Revolution\">Xinhai Revolution</a>. Changsha's governor fled, leaving the city in republican control. Supporting the revolution, Mao joined the rebel army as a <a href=\"private soldier\">private soldier</a>, but was not involved in fighting. The northern provinces remained loyal to the emperor, and hoping to avoid a civil war, Sun\u2014proclaimed \"provisional president\" by his supporters\u2014compromised with the monarchist general <a href=\"Yuan Shikai\">Yuan Shikai</a>. The monarchy was abolished, creating the <a href=\"Republic of China (1912\u20131949)\">Republic of China</a>, but the monarchist Yuan became president. The revolution over, Mao resigned from the army in 1912, after six months as a soldier. Around this time, Mao discovered <a href=\"socialism\">socialism</a> from a newspaper article; proceeding to read pamphlets by <a href=\"Jiang Kanghu\">Jiang Kanghu</a>, the student founder of the Chinese Socialist Party, Mao remained interested yet unconvinced by the idea.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Inspired by Sun's republicanism, the army rose up across southern China, sparking the <a href=\\\"Xinhai Revolution\\\">Xinhai Revolution</a>. \", \"Changsha's governor fled, leaving the city in republican control. \", \"Supporting the revolution, Mao joined the rebel army as a <a href=\\\"private soldier\\\">private soldier</a>, but was not involved in fighting. \", \"The northern provinces remained loyal to the emperor, and hoping to avoid a civil war, Sun\\u2014proclaimed \\\"provisional president\\\" by his supporters\\u2014compromised with the monarchist general <a href=\\\"Yuan Shikai\\\">Yuan Shikai</a>. \", \"The monarchy was abolished, creating the <a href=\\\"Republic of China (1912\\u20131949)\\\">Republic of China</a>, but the monarchist Yuan became president. \", \"The revolution over, Mao resigned from the army in 1912, after six months as a soldier. \", \"Around this time, Mao discovered <a href=\\\"socialism\\\">socialism</a> from a newspaper article; proceeding to read pamphlets by <a href=\\\"Jiang Kanghu\\\">Jiang Kanghu</a>, the student founder of the Chinese Socialist Party, Mao remained interested yet unconvinced by the idea.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-18\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-18"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-32","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-32", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "In Changsha, Mao had begun teaching history at the Xiuye Primary School and organizing protests against the pro-Duan Governor of Hunan Province, <a href=\"Zhang Jingyao\">Zhang Jingyao</a>, popularly known as \"Zhang the Venomous\" due to his corrupt and violent rule. In late May, Mao co-founded the Hunanese Student Association with <a href=\"He Shuheng\">He Shuheng</a> and <a href=\"Deng Zhongxia\">Deng Zhongxia</a>, organizing a student strike for June and in July 1919 began production of a weekly radical magazine, \"Xiang River Review\" (\"Xiangjiang pinglun\"). Using vernacular language that would be understandable to the majority of China's populace, he advocated the need for a \"Great Union of the Popular Masses\", strengthened trade unions able to wage non-violent revolution. His ideas were not Marxist, but heavily influenced by Kropotkin's concept of .", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"In Changsha, Mao had begun teaching history at the Xiuye Primary School and organizing protests against the pro-Duan Governor of Hunan Province, <a href=\\\"Zhang Jingyao\\\">Zhang Jingyao</a>, popularly known as \\\"Zhang the Venomous\\\" due to his corrupt and violent rule. \", \"In late May, Mao co-founded the Hunanese Student Association with <a href=\\\"He Shuheng\\\">He Shuheng</a> and <a href=\\\"Deng Zhongxia\\\">Deng Zhongxia</a>, organizing a student strike for June and in July 1919 began production of a weekly radical magazine, \\\"Xiang River Review\\\" (\\\"Xiangjiang pinglun\\\"). \", \"Using vernacular language that would be understandable to the majority of China's populace, he advocated the need for a \\\"Great Union of the Popular Masses\\\", strengthened trade unions able to wage non-violent revolution. \", \"His ideas were not Marxist, but heavily influenced by Kropotkin's concept of .\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-32\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-32"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-43","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-43", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Mao enthusiastically agreed with this decision, arguing for an alliance across China's socio-economic classes. Mao was a vocal anti-imperialist and in his writings he lambasted the governments of Japan, UK and US, describing the latter as \"the most murderous of hangmen\".", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Mao enthusiastically agreed with this decision, arguing for an alliance across China's socio-economic classes. \", \"Mao was a vocal anti-imperialist and in his writings he lambasted the governments of Japan, UK and US, describing the latter as \\\"the most murderous of hangmen\\\".\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-43\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-43"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-45","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-45", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "At the Third Congress of the Communist Party in Shanghai in June 1923, the delegates reaffirmed their commitment to working with the KMT. Supporting this position, Mao was elected to the Party Committee, taking up residence in Shanghai. At the First KMT Congress, held in <a href=\"Guangzhou\">Guangzhou</a> in early 1924, Mao was elected an alternate member of the KMT Central Executive Committee, and put forward four resolutions to decentralise power to urban and rural bureaus. His enthusiastic support for the KMT earned him the suspicion of Li Li-san, his Hunan comrade.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"At the Third Congress of the Communist Party in Shanghai in June 1923, the delegates reaffirmed their commitment to working with the KMT. Supporting this position, Mao was elected to the Party Committee, taking up residence in Shanghai. \", \"At the First KMT Congress, held in <a href=\\\"Guangzhou\\\">Guangzhou</a> in early 1924, Mao was elected an alternate member of the KMT Central Executive Committee, and put forward four resolutions to decentralise power to urban and rural bureaus. \", \"His enthusiastic support for the KMT earned him the suspicion of Li Li-san, his Hunan comrade.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-45\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-45"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-47","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-47", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "In late 1924, Mao returned to Shaoshan, perhaps to recuperate from an illness. He found that the peasantry were increasingly restless and some had seized land from wealthy landowners to found communes. This convinced him of the revolutionary potential of the peasantry, an idea advocated by the KMT leftists but not the Communists. He returned to <a href=\"Guangzhou\">Guangzhou</a> to run the 6th term of the KMT's <a href=\"Peasant Movement Training Institute at Guangzhou\">Peasant Movement Training Institute</a> from May to September 1926.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"In late 1924, Mao returned to Shaoshan, perhaps to recuperate from an illness. \", \"He found that the peasantry were increasingly restless and some had seized land from wealthy landowners to found communes. \", \"This convinced him of the revolutionary potential of the peasantry, an idea advocated by the KMT leftists but not the Communists. \", \"He returned to <a href=\\\"Guangzhou\\\">Guangzhou</a> to run the 6th term of the KMT's <a href=\\\"Peasant Movement Training Institute at Guangzhou\\\">Peasant Movement Training Institute</a> from May to September 1926.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-47\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-47"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-48","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-48", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "The Peasant Movement Training Institute under Mao trained cadre and prepared them for militant activity, taking them through military training exercises and getting them to study basic left-wing texts. In the winter of 1925, Mao fled to <a href=\"Guangzhou\">Guangzhou</a> after his revolutionary activities attracted the attention of Zhao's regional authorities.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"The Peasant Movement Training Institute under Mao trained cadre and prepared them for militant activity, taking them through military training exercises and getting them to study basic left-wing texts. \", \"In the winter of 1925, Mao fled to <a href=\\\"Guangzhou\\\">Guangzhou</a> after his revolutionary activities attracted the attention of Zhao's regional authorities.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-48\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-48"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-50","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-50", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "When party leader Sun Yat-sen died in May 1925, he was succeeded by <a href=\"Chiang Kai-shek\">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, who moved to marginalise the left-KMT and the Communists. Mao nevertheless supported Chiang's <a href=\"National Revolutionary Army\">National Revolutionary Army</a>, who embarked on the <a href=\"Northern Expedition\">Northern Expedition</a> attack in 1926 on warlords. In the wake of this expedition, peasants rose up, appropriating the land of the wealthy landowners, who were in many cases killed. Such uprisings angered senior KMT figures, who were themselves landowners, emphasizing the growing class and ideological divide within the revolutionary movement.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"When party leader Sun Yat-sen died in May 1925, he was succeeded by <a href=\\\"Chiang Kai-shek\\\">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, who moved to marginalise the left-KMT and the Communists. \", \"Mao nevertheless supported Chiang's <a href=\\\"National Revolutionary Army\\\">National Revolutionary Army</a>, who embarked on the <a href=\\\"Northern Expedition\\\">Northern Expedition</a> attack in 1926 on warlords. \", \"In the wake of this expedition, peasants rose up, appropriating the land of the wealthy landowners, who were in many cases killed. \", \"Such uprisings angered senior KMT figures, who were themselves landowners, emphasizing the growing class and ideological divide within the revolutionary movement.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-50\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-50"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-52","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-52", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "In March 1927, Mao appeared at the Third Plenum of the KMT Central Executive Committee in Wuhan, which sought to strip General Chiang of his power by appointing <a href=\"Wang Jingwei\">Wang Jingwei</a> leader. There, Mao played an active role in the discussions regarding the peasant issue, defending a set of \"Regulations for the Repression of Local Bullies and Bad Gentry\", which advocated the death penalty or life imprisonment for anyone found guilty of <a href=\"counter-revolution\">counter-revolution</a>ary activity, arguing that in a revolutionary situation, \"peaceful methods cannot suffice\". In April 1927, Mao was appointed to the KMT's five-member Central Land Committee, urging peasants to refuse to pay rent. Mao led another group to put together a \"Draft Resolution on the Land Question\", which called for the confiscation of land belonging to \"local bullies and bad gentry, corrupt officials, militarists and all counter-revolutionary elements in the villages\". Proceeding to carry out a \"Land Survey\", he stated that anyone owning over 30 \"mou\" (four and a half acres), constituting 13% of the population, were uniformly counter-revolutionary. He accepted that there was great variation in revolutionary enthusiasm across the country, and that a flexible policy of land redistribution was necessary. Presenting his conclusions at the Enlarged Land Committee meeting, many expressed reservations, some believing that it went too far, and others not far enough. Ultimately, his suggestions were only partially implemented.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"In March 1927, Mao appeared at the Third Plenum of the KMT Central Executive Committee in Wuhan, which sought to strip General Chiang of his power by appointing <a href=\\\"Wang Jingwei\\\">Wang Jingwei</a> leader. \", \"There, Mao played an active role in the discussions regarding the peasant issue, defending a set of \\\"Regulations for the Repression of Local Bullies and Bad Gentry\\\", which advocated the death penalty or life imprisonment for anyone found guilty of <a href=\\\"counter-revolution\\\">counter-revolution</a>ary activity, arguing that in a revolutionary situation, \\\"peaceful methods cannot suffice\\\". \", \"In April 1927, Mao was appointed to the KMT's five-member Central Land Committee, urging peasants to refuse to pay rent. \", \"Mao led another group to put together a \\\"Draft Resolution on the Land Question\\\", which called for the confiscation of land belonging to \\\"local bullies and bad gentry, corrupt officials, militarists and all counter-revolutionary elements in the villages\\\". \", \"Proceeding to carry out a \\\"Land Survey\\\", he stated that anyone owning over 30 \\\"mou\\\" (four and a half acres), constituting 13% of the population, were uniformly counter-revolutionary. \", \"He accepted that there was great variation in revolutionary enthusiasm across the country, and that a flexible policy of land redistribution was necessary. \", \"Presenting his conclusions at the Enlarged Land Committee meeting, many expressed reservations, some believing that it went too far, and others not far enough. \", \"Ultimately, his suggestions were only partially implemented.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-52\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-52"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-54","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-54", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Fresh from the success of the Northern Expedition against the warlords, Chiang turned on the Communists, who by now numbered in the tens of thousands across China. Chiang ignored the orders of the Wuhan-based left KMT government and marched on Shanghai, a city controlled by Communist militias. As the Communists awaited Chiang's arrival, he loosed the <a href=\"White Terror (mainland China)\">White Terror</a>, massacring 5000 with the aid of the <a href=\"Green Gang\">Green Gang</a>. In Beijing, 19 leading Communists were killed by <a href=\"Zhang Zuolin\">Zhang Zuolin</a>. That May, tens of thousands of Communists and those suspected of being communists were killed, and the CPC lost approximately of its members.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Fresh from the success of the Northern Expedition against the warlords, Chiang turned on the Communists, who by now numbered in the tens of thousands across China. \", \"Chiang ignored the orders of the Wuhan-based left KMT government and marched on Shanghai, a city controlled by Communist militias. \", \"As the Communists awaited Chiang's arrival, he loosed the <a href=\\\"White Terror (mainland China)\\\">White Terror</a>, massacring 5000 with the aid of the <a href=\\\"Green Gang\\\">Green Gang</a>. \", \"In Beijing, 19 leading Communists were killed by <a href=\\\"Zhang Zuolin\\\">Zhang Zuolin</a>. \", \"That May, tens of thousands of Communists and those suspected of being communists were killed, and the CPC lost approximately of its members.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-54\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-54"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-56","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-56", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "The CPC continued supporting the Wuhan KMT government, a position Mao initially supported, but by the time of the CPC's Fifth Congress he had changed his mind, deciding to stake all hope on the peasant militia. The question was rendered moot when the Wuhan government expelled all Communists from the KMT on July 15. The CPC founded the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army of China, better known as the \"<a href=\"History of the People's Liberation Army#From the founding of the People's Liberation Army to the Korean War\">Red Army</a>\", to battle Chiang. A battalion led by General <a href=\"Zhu De\">Zhu De</a> was ordered to take the city of <a href=\"Nanchang\">Nanchang</a> on August 1, 1927, in what became known as the <a href=\"Nanchang Uprising\">Nanchang Uprising</a>. They were initially successful, but were forced into retreat after five days, marching south to <a href=\"Shantou\">Shantou</a>, and from there they were driven into the wilderness of <a href=\"Fujian\">Fujian</a>. Mao was appointed commander-in-chief of the Red Army and led four regiments against Changsha in the <a href=\"Autumn Harvest Uprising\">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a>, in the hope of sparking peasant uprisings across Hunan. On the eve of the attack, Mao composed a poem\u2014the earliest of his to survive\u2014titled \"Changsha\". His plan was to attack the KMT-held city from three directions on September 9, but the Fourth Regiment deserted to the KMT cause, attacking the Third Regiment. Mao's army made it to Changsha, but could not take it; by September 15, he accepted defeat and with 1000 survivors marched east to the <a href=\"Jinggang Mountains\">Jinggang Mountains</a> of <a href=\"Jiangxi\">Jiangxi</a>.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"The CPC continued supporting the Wuhan KMT government, a position Mao initially supported, but by the time of the CPC's Fifth Congress he had changed his mind, deciding to stake all hope on the peasant militia. \", \"The question was rendered moot when the Wuhan government expelled all Communists from the KMT on July 15. \", \"The CPC founded the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army of China, better known as the \\\"<a href=\\\"History of the People's Liberation Army#From the founding of the People's Liberation Army to the Korean War\\\">Red Army</a>\\\", to battle Chiang. \", \"A battalion led by General <a href=\\\"Zhu De\\\">Zhu De</a> was ordered to take the city of <a href=\\\"Nanchang\\\">Nanchang</a> on August 1, 1927, in what became known as the <a href=\\\"Nanchang Uprising\\\">Nanchang Uprising</a>. \", \"They were initially successful, but were forced into retreat after five days, marching south to <a href=\\\"Shantou\\\">Shantou</a>, and from there they were driven into the wilderness of <a href=\\\"Fujian\\\">Fujian</a>. \", \"Mao was appointed commander-in-chief of the Red Army and led four regiments against Changsha in the <a href=\\\"Autumn Harvest Uprising\\\">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a>, in the hope of sparking peasant uprisings across Hunan. \", \"On the eve of the attack, Mao composed a poem\\u2014the earliest of his to survive\\u2014titled \\\"Changsha\\\". \", \"His plan was to attack the KMT-held city from three directions on September 9, but the Fourth Regiment deserted to the KMT cause, attacking the Third Regiment. \", \"Mao's army made it to Changsha, but could not take it; by September 15, he accepted defeat and with 1000 survivors marched east to the <a href=\\\"Jinggang Mountains\\\">Jinggang Mountains</a> of <a href=\\\"Jiangxi\\\">Jiangxi</a>.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-56\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-56"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-62","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-62", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "In spring 1928, the Central Committee ordered Mao's troops to southern Hunan, hoping to spark peasant uprisings. Mao was skeptical, but complied. They reached Hunan, where they were attacked by the KMT and fled after heavy losses. Meanwhile, KMT troops had invaded Jinggangshan, leaving them without a base. Wandering the countryside, Mao's forces came across a CPC regiment led by General <a href=\"Zhu De\">Zhu De</a> and <a href=\"Lin Biao\">Lin Biao</a>; they united, and attempted to retake Jinggangshan. They were initially successful, but the KMT counter-attacked, and pushed the CPC back; over the next few weeks, they fought an entrenched guerrilla war in the mountains. The Central Committee again ordered Mao to march to south Hunan, but he refused, and remained at his base. Contrastingly, Zhu complied, and led his armies away. Mao's troops fended the KMT off for 25 days while he left the camp at night to find reinforcements. He reunited with the decimated Zhu's army, and together they returned to Jinggangshan and retook the base. There they were joined by a defecting KMT regiment and <a href=\"Peng Dehuai\">Peng Dehuai</a>'s Fifth Red Army. In the mountainous area they were unable to grow enough crops to feed everyone, leading to food shortages throughout the winter.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"In spring 1928, the Central Committee ordered Mao's troops to southern Hunan, hoping to spark peasant uprisings. \", \"Mao was skeptical, but complied. \", \"They reached Hunan, where they were attacked by the KMT and fled after heavy losses. \", \"Meanwhile, KMT troops had invaded Jinggangshan, leaving them without a base. \", \"Wandering the countryside, Mao's forces came across a CPC regiment led by General <a href=\\\"Zhu De\\\">Zhu De</a> and <a href=\\\"Lin Biao\\\">Lin Biao</a>; they united, and attempted to retake Jinggangshan. \", \"They were initially successful, but the KMT counter-attacked, and pushed the CPC back; over the next few weeks, they fought an entrenched guerrilla war in the mountains. \", \"The Central Committee again ordered Mao to march to south Hunan, but he refused, and remained at his base. \", \"Contrastingly, Zhu complied, and led his armies away. \", \"Mao's troops fended the KMT off for 25 days while he left the camp at night to find reinforcements. \", \"He reunited with the decimated Zhu's army, and together they returned to Jinggangshan and retook the base. \", \"There they were joined by a defecting KMT regiment and <a href=\\\"Peng Dehuai\\\">Peng Dehuai</a>'s Fifth Red Army. \", \"In the mountainous area they were unable to grow enough crops to feed everyone, leading to food shortages throughout the winter.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-62\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-62"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-64","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-64", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "In January 1929, Mao and Zhu evacuated the base with 2,000 men and a further 800 provided by Peng, and took their armies south, to the area around <a href=\"Tonggu County\">Tonggu</a> and <a href=\"Xinfeng County, Jiangxi\">Xinfeng</a> in Jiangxi. The evacuation led to a drop in morale, and many troops became disobedient and began thieving; this worried <a href=\"Li Lisan\">Li Lisan</a> and the Central Committee, who saw Mao's army as \"<a href=\"lumpenproletariat\">lumpenproletariat</a>\", that were unable to share in proletariat <a href=\"class consciousness\">class consciousness</a>. In keeping with orthodox Marxist thought, Li believed that only the urban proletariat could lead a successful revolution, and saw little need for Mao's peasant guerrillas; he ordered Mao to disband his army into units to be sent out to spread the revolutionary message. Mao replied that while he concurred with Li's theoretical position, he would not disband his army nor abandon his base. Both Li and Mao saw the Chinese revolution as the key to <a href=\"world revolution\">world revolution</a>, believing that a CPC victory would spark the overthrow of global imperialism and capitalism. In this, they disagreed with the official line of the Soviet government and Comintern. Officials in Moscow desired greater control over the CPC and removed Li from power by calling him to Russia for an inquest into his errors. They replaced him with Soviet-educated Chinese Communists, known as the \"<a href=\"28 Bolsheviks\">28 Bolsheviks</a>\", two of whom, <a href=\"Bo Gu\">Bo Gu</a> and <a href=\"Zhang Wentian\">Zhang Wentian</a>, took control of the Central Committee. Mao disagreed with the new leadership, believing they grasped little of the Chinese situation, and he soon emerged as their key rival.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"In January 1929, Mao and Zhu evacuated the base with 2,000 men and a further 800 provided by Peng, and took their armies south, to the area around <a href=\\\"Tonggu County\\\">Tonggu</a> and <a href=\\\"Xinfeng County, Jiangxi\\\">Xinfeng</a> in Jiangxi. \", \"The evacuation led to a drop in morale, and many troops became disobedient and began thieving; this worried <a href=\\\"Li Lisan\\\">Li Lisan</a> and the Central Committee, who saw Mao's army as \\\"<a href=\\\"lumpenproletariat\\\">lumpenproletariat</a>\\\", that were unable to share in proletariat <a href=\\\"class consciousness\\\">class consciousness</a>. \", \"In keeping with orthodox Marxist thought, Li believed that only the urban proletariat could lead a successful revolution, and saw little need for Mao's peasant guerrillas; he ordered Mao to disband his army into units to be sent out to spread the revolutionary message. \", \"Mao replied that while he concurred with Li's theoretical position, he would not disband his army nor abandon his base. \", \"Both Li and Mao saw the Chinese revolution as the key to <a href=\\\"world revolution\\\">world revolution</a>, believing that a CPC victory would spark the overthrow of global imperialism and capitalism. \", \"In this, they disagreed with the official line of the Soviet government and Comintern. \", \"Officials in Moscow desired greater control over the CPC and removed Li from power by calling him to Russia for an inquest into his errors. \", \"They replaced him with Soviet-educated Chinese Communists, known as the \\\"<a href=\\\"28 Bolsheviks\\\">28 Bolsheviks</a>\\\", two of whom, <a href=\\\"Bo Gu\\\">Bo Gu</a> and <a href=\\\"Zhang Wentian\\\">Zhang Wentian</a>, took control of the Central Committee. \", \"Mao disagreed with the new leadership, believing they grasped little of the Chinese situation, and he soon emerged as their key rival.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-64\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-64"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-65","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-65", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "In February 1930, Mao created the Southwest Jiangxi Provincial Soviet Government in the region under his control. In November, he suffered emotional trauma after his wife and sister were captured and beheaded by KMT general He Jian. Mao then married <a href=\"He Zizhen\">He Zizhen</a>, an 18-year-old revolutionary who bore him five children over the following nine years. Facing internal problems, members of the Jiangxi Soviet accused him of being too moderate, and hence anti-revolutionary. In December, they tried to overthrow Mao, resulting in the <a href=\"Futian incident\">Futian incident</a>, during which Mao's loyalists tortured many and executed between 2000 and 3000 dissenters. The CPC Central Committee moved to Jiangxi which it saw as a secure area. In November it proclaimed Jiangxi to be the <a href=\"Soviet Republic of China\">Soviet Republic of China</a>, an independent Communist-governed state. Although he was proclaimed Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Mao's power was diminished, as his control of the Red Army was allocated to <a href=\"Zhou Enlai\">Zhou Enlai</a>. Meanwhile, Mao recovered from <a href=\"tuberculosis\">tuberculosis</a>.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"In February 1930, Mao created the Southwest Jiangxi Provincial Soviet Government in the region under his control. \", \"In November, he suffered emotional trauma after his wife and sister were captured and beheaded by KMT general He Jian. \", \"Mao then married <a href=\\\"He Zizhen\\\">He Zizhen</a>, an 18-year-old revolutionary who bore him five children over the following nine years. \", \"Facing internal problems, members of the Jiangxi Soviet accused him of being too moderate, and hence anti-revolutionary. \", \"In December, they tried to overthrow Mao, resulting in the <a href=\\\"Futian incident\\\">Futian incident</a>, during which Mao's loyalists tortured many and executed between 2000 and 3000 dissenters. \", \"The CPC Central Committee moved to Jiangxi which it saw as a secure area. \", \"In November it proclaimed Jiangxi to be the <a href=\\\"Soviet Republic of China\\\">Soviet Republic of China</a>, an independent Communist-governed state. \", \"Although he was proclaimed Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Mao's power was diminished, as his control of the Red Army was allocated to <a href=\\\"Zhou Enlai\\\">Zhou Enlai</a>. \", \"Meanwhile, Mao recovered from <a href=\\\"tuberculosis\\\">tuberculosis</a>.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-65\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-65"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-67","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-67", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "The KMT armies adopted a policy of <a href=\"Encirclement Campaigns\">encirclement and annihilation</a> of the Red armies. Outnumbered, Mao responded with guerrilla tactics influenced by the works of ancient military strategists like <a href=\"Sun Tzu\">Sun Tzu</a>, but Zhou and the new leadership followed a policy of open confrontation and conventional warfare. In doing so, the Red Army successfully defeated <a href=\"First Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet\">the first</a> and <a href=\"Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet\">second encirclements</a>. Angered at his armies' failure, Chiang Kai-shek personally arrived to lead the operation. He too faced setbacks and retreated to deal with the <a href=\"Mukden Incident\">further Japanese incursions into China</a>. As a result of the KMT's change of focus to the defence of China against Japanese expansionism, the Red Army was able to expand its area of control, eventually encompassing a population of 3 million. Mao proceeded with his land reform program. In November 1931 he announced the start of a \"land verification project\" which was expanded in June 1933. He also orchestrated education programs and implemented measures to increase female political participation. Chiang viewed the Communists as a greater threat than the Japanese and returned to Jiangxi, where he initiated the <a href=\"Fifth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet\">fifth encirclement campaign</a>, which involved the construction of a concrete and barbed wire \"wall of fire\" around the state, which was accompanied by aerial bombardment, to which Zhou's tactics proved ineffective. Trapped inside, morale among the Red Army dropped as food and medicine became scarce. The leadership decided to evacuate.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"The KMT armies adopted a policy of <a href=\\\"Encirclement Campaigns\\\">encirclement and annihilation</a> of the Red armies. \", \"Outnumbered, Mao responded with guerrilla tactics influenced by the works of ancient military strategists like <a href=\\\"Sun Tzu\\\">Sun Tzu</a>, but Zhou and the new leadership followed a policy of open confrontation and conventional warfare. \", \"In doing so, the Red Army successfully defeated <a href=\\\"First Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet\\\">the first</a> and <a href=\\\"Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet\\\">second encirclements</a>. \", \"Angered at his armies' failure, Chiang Kai-shek personally arrived to lead the operation. \", \"He too faced setbacks and retreated to deal with the <a href=\\\"Mukden Incident\\\">further Japanese incursions into China</a>. \", \"As a result of the KMT's change of focus to the defence of China against Japanese expansionism, the Red Army was able to expand its area of control, eventually encompassing a population of 3 million. \", \"Mao proceeded with his land reform program. \", \"In November 1931 he announced the start of a \\\"land verification project\\\" which was expanded in June 1933. \", \"He also orchestrated education programs and implemented measures to increase female political participation. \", \"Chiang viewed the Communists as a greater threat than the Japanese and returned to Jiangxi, where he initiated the <a href=\\\"Fifth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet\\\">fifth encirclement campaign</a>, which involved the construction of a concrete and barbed wire \\\"wall of fire\\\" around the state, which was accompanied by aerial bombardment, to which Zhou's tactics proved ineffective. \", \"Trapped inside, morale among the Red Army dropped as food and medicine became scarce. \", \"The leadership decided to evacuate.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-67\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-67"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-69","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-69", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "On October 14, 1934, the Red Army broke through the KMT line on the Jiangxi Soviet's south-west corner at Xinfeng with soldiers and party cadres and embarked on the \"<a href=\"Long March\">Long March</a>\". In order to make the escape, many of the wounded and the ill, as well as women and children, were left behind, defended by a group of guerrilla fighters whom the KMT massacred. The who escaped headed to southern Hunan, first crossing the <a href=\"Xiang River\">Xiang River</a> after heavy fighting, and then the <a href=\"Wu River (Yuan River, north)\">Wu River</a>, in <a href=\"Guizhou\">Guizhou</a> where they took <a href=\"Zunyi\">Zunyi</a> in January 1935. Temporarily resting in the city, they <a href=\"Zunyi Conference\">held a conference</a>; here, Mao was elected to a position of leadership, becoming Chairman of <a href=\"Politburo of the Communist Party of China\">the Politburo</a>, and \"de facto\" leader of both Party and Red Army, in part because his candidacy was supported by Soviet Premier <a href=\"Joseph Stalin\">Joseph Stalin</a>. Insisting that they operate as a guerrilla force, he laid out a destination: the Shenshi Soviet in <a href=\"Shaanxi\">Shaanxi</a>, Northern China, from where the Communists could focus on fighting the Japanese. Mao believed that in focusing on the anti-imperialist struggle, the Communists would earn the trust of the Chinese people, who in turn would renounce the KMT.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"On October 14, 1934, the Red Army broke through the KMT line on the Jiangxi Soviet's south-west corner at Xinfeng with soldiers and party cadres and embarked on the \\\"<a href=\\\"Long March\\\">Long March</a>\\\". \", \"In order to make the escape, many of the wounded and the ill, as well as women and children, were left behind, defended by a group of guerrilla fighters whom the KMT massacred. \", \"The who escaped headed to southern Hunan, first crossing the <a href=\\\"Xiang River\\\">Xiang River</a> after heavy fighting, and then the <a href=\\\"Wu River (Yuan River, north)\\\">Wu River</a>, in <a href=\\\"Guizhou\\\">Guizhou</a> where they took <a href=\\\"Zunyi\\\">Zunyi</a> in January 1935. \", \"Temporarily resting in the city, they <a href=\\\"Zunyi Conference\\\">held a conference</a>; here, Mao was elected to a position of leadership, becoming Chairman of <a href=\\\"Politburo of the Communist Party of China\\\">the Politburo</a>, and \\\"de facto\\\" leader of both Party and Red Army, in part because his candidacy was supported by Soviet Premier <a href=\\\"Joseph Stalin\\\">Joseph Stalin</a>. \", \"Insisting that they operate as a guerrilla force, he laid out a destination: the Shenshi Soviet in <a href=\\\"Shaanxi\\\">Shaanxi</a>, Northern China, from where the Communists could focus on fighting the Japanese. \", \"Mao believed that in focusing on the anti-imperialist struggle, the Communists would earn the trust of the Chinese people, who in turn would renounce the KMT.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-69\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-69"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-75","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-75", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Mao's troops arrived at the <a href=\"Yan'an\">Yan'an</a> Soviet during October 1935 and settled in Pao An, until spring 1936. While there, they developed links with local communities, redistributed and farmed the land, offered medical treatment, and began literacy programs. Mao now commanded soldiers, boosted by the arrival of <a href=\"He Long\">He Long</a>'s men from Hunan and the armies of Zhu De and Zhang Guotao returned from Tibet. In February 1936, they established the North West Anti-Japanese Red Army University in Yan'an, through which they trained increasing numbers of new recruits. In January 1937, they began the \"anti-Japanese expedition\", that sent groups of guerrilla fighters into Japanese-controlled territory to undertake sporadic attacks. In May 1937, a Communist Conference was held in Yan'an to discuss the situation. Western reporters also arrived in the \"Border Region\" (as the Soviet had been renamed); most notable were <a href=\"Edgar Snow\">Edgar Snow</a>, who used his experiences as a basis for \"<a href=\"Red Star Over China\">Red Star Over China</a>\", and <a href=\"Agnes Smedley\">Agnes Smedley</a>, whose accounts brought international attention to Mao's cause.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Mao's troops arrived at the <a href=\\\"Yan'an\\\">Yan'an</a> Soviet during October 1935 and settled in Pao An, until spring 1936. \", \"While there, they developed links with local communities, redistributed and farmed the land, offered medical treatment, and began literacy programs. \", \"Mao now commanded soldiers, boosted by the arrival of <a href=\\\"He Long\\\">He Long</a>'s men from Hunan and the armies of Zhu De and Zhang Guotao returned from Tibet. \", \"In February 1936, they established the North West Anti-Japanese Red Army University in Yan'an, through which they trained increasing numbers of new recruits. \", \"In January 1937, they began the \\\"anti-Japanese expedition\\\", that sent groups of guerrilla fighters into Japanese-controlled territory to undertake sporadic attacks. \", \"In May 1937, a Communist Conference was held in Yan'an to discuss the situation. \", \"Western reporters also arrived in the \\\"Border Region\\\" (as the Soviet had been renamed); most notable were <a href=\\\"Edgar Snow\\\">Edgar Snow</a>, who used his experiences as a basis for \\\"<a href=\\\"Red Star Over China\\\">Red Star Over China</a>\\\", and <a href=\\\"Agnes Smedley\\\">Agnes Smedley</a>, whose accounts brought international attention to Mao's cause.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-75\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-75"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-81","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-81", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "In 1944, the Americans sent a special diplomatic envoy, called the <a href=\"Dixie Mission\">Dixie Mission</a>, to the Communist Party of China. According to Edwin Moise, in \"Modern China: A History 2nd Edition\":", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"In 1944, the Americans sent a special diplomatic envoy, called the <a href=\\\"Dixie Mission\\\">Dixie Mission</a>, to the Communist Party of China. \", \"According to Edwin Moise, in \\\"Modern China: A History 2nd Edition\\\":\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-81\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-81"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-91","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-91", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Mao proclaimed the establishment of The People's Republic of China from the <a href=\"Tiananmen\">Gate of Heavenly Peace</a> (Tian'anmen) on October 1, 1949, and later that week declared \"The Chinese people have stood up\" (). Mao went to Moscow for long talks in the winter of 1949-50. Mao initiated the talks which focused on the political and economic revolution in China, foreign policy, railways, naval bases, and Soviet economic and technical aid. The resulting treaty reflected Stalin's dominance and his willingness to help Mao. ", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Mao proclaimed the establishment of The People's Republic of China from the <a href=\\\"Tiananmen\\\">Gate of Heavenly Peace</a> (Tian'anmen) on October 1, 1949, and later that week declared \\\"The Chinese people have stood up\\\" (). \", \"Mao went to Moscow for long talks in the winter of 1949-50. \", \"Mao initiated the talks which focused on the political and economic revolution in China, foreign policy, railways, naval bases, and Soviet economic and technical aid. \", \"The resulting treaty reflected Stalin's dominance and his willingness to help Mao. \", \"\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-91\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-91"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-93","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-93", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Mao pushed the Party to organize campaigns to reform society and extend control. These campaigns were given urgency in October 1950, when Mao made the decision to send the <a href=\"People's Volunteer Army\">People's Volunteer Army</a>, a special unit of the <a href=\"People's Liberation Army\">People's Liberation Army</a>, into the <a href=\"Korean War\">Korean War</a> and fight as well as to reinforce the armed forces of North Korea, the <a href=\"Korean People's Army\">Korean People's Army</a>, which had been in full retreat. The United States placed a trade embargo on the People's Republic as a result of its involvement in the <a href=\"Korean War\">Korean War</a>, lasting until <a href=\"Richard Nixon\">Richard Nixon</a> improvements of relations. At least 180 thousand Chinese troops died during the war.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Mao pushed the Party to organize campaigns to reform society and extend control. \", \"These campaigns were given urgency in October 1950, when Mao made the decision to send the <a href=\\\"People's Volunteer Army\\\">People's Volunteer Army</a>, a special unit of the <a href=\\\"People's Liberation Army\\\">People's Liberation Army</a>, into the <a href=\\\"Korean War\\\">Korean War</a> and fight as well as to reinforce the armed forces of North Korea, the <a href=\\\"Korean People's Army\\\">Korean People's Army</a>, which had been in full retreat. \", \"The United States placed a trade embargo on the People's Republic as a result of its involvement in the <a href=\\\"Korean War\\\">Korean War</a>, lasting until <a href=\\\"Richard Nixon\\\">Richard Nixon</a> improvements of relations. \", \"At least 180 thousand Chinese troops died during the war.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-93\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-93"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-95","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-95", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Mao directed operations to the minutest detail. As the Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), he was also the Supreme Commander in Chief of the PLA and the People's Republic and Chairman of the Party. Chinese troops in Korea were under the overall command of then newly installed Premier <a href=\"Zhou Enlai\">Zhou Enlai</a>, with General <a href=\"Peng Dehuai\">Peng Dehuai</a> as field commander and political commissar.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Mao directed operations to the minutest detail. \", \"As the Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), he was also the Supreme Commander in Chief of the PLA and the People's Republic and Chairman of the Party. \", \"Chinese troops in Korea were under the overall command of then newly installed Premier <a href=\\\"Zhou Enlai\\\">Zhou Enlai</a>, with General <a href=\\\"Peng Dehuai\\\">Peng Dehuai</a> as field commander and political commissar.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-95\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-95"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-103","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-103", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Starting in 1951, Mao initiated two successive movements in an effort to rid urban areas of corruption by targeting wealthy capitalists and political opponents, known as the <a href=\"three-anti/five-anti campaigns\">three-anti/five-anti campaigns</a>. Whereas the three-anti campaign was a focused purge of government, industrial and party officials, the five-anti campaign set its sights slightly broader, targeting capitalist elements in general. Workers denounced their bosses, spouses turned on their spouses, and children informed on their parents; the victims were often humiliated at <a href=\"struggle session\">struggle session</a>s, where a targeted person would be verbally and physically abused until they confessed to crimes. Mao insisted that minor offenders be criticised and reformed or sent to labour camps, \"while the worst among them should be shot\". These campaigns took several hundred thousand additional lives, the vast majority via suicide.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Starting in 1951, Mao initiated two successive movements in an effort to rid urban areas of corruption by targeting wealthy capitalists and political opponents, known as the <a href=\\\"three-anti/five-anti campaigns\\\">three-anti/five-anti campaigns</a>. \", \"Whereas the three-anti campaign was a focused purge of government, industrial and party officials, the five-anti campaign set its sights slightly broader, targeting capitalist elements in general. \", \"Workers denounced their bosses, spouses turned on their spouses, and children informed on their parents; the victims were often humiliated at <a href=\\\"struggle session\\\">struggle session</a>s, where a targeted person would be verbally and physically abused until they confessed to crimes. \", \"Mao insisted that minor offenders be criticised and reformed or sent to labour camps, \\\"while the worst among them should be shot\\\". \", \"These campaigns took several hundred thousand additional lives, the vast majority via suicide.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-103\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-103"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-105","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-105", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "In Shanghai, suicide by jumping from tall buildings became so commonplace that residents avoided walking on the pavement near skyscrapers for fear that suicides might land on them. Some biographers have pointed out that driving those perceived as enemies to suicide was a common tactic during the Mao-era. For example, in his biography of Mao, <a href=\"Philip Short\">Philip Short</a> notes that in the <a href=\"Yan'an Rectification Movement\">Yan'an Rectification Movement</a>, Mao gave explicit instructions that \"no cadre is to be killed\", but in practice allowed security chief <a href=\"Kang Sheng\">Kang Sheng</a> to drive opponents to suicide and that \"this pattern was repeated throughout his leadership of the People's Republic\".", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"In Shanghai, suicide by jumping from tall buildings became so commonplace that residents avoided walking on the pavement near skyscrapers for fear that suicides might land on them. \", \"Some biographers have pointed out that driving those perceived as enemies to suicide was a common tactic during the Mao-era. \", \"For example, in his biography of Mao, <a href=\\\"Philip Short\\\">Philip Short</a> notes that in the <a href=\\\"Yan'an Rectification Movement\\\">Yan'an Rectification Movement</a>, Mao gave explicit instructions that \\\"no cadre is to be killed\\\", but in practice allowed security chief <a href=\\\"Kang Sheng\\\">Kang Sheng</a> to drive opponents to suicide and that \\\"this pattern was repeated throughout his leadership of the People's Republic\\\".\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-105\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-105"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-107","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-107", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Following the consolidation of power, Mao launched the First <a href=\"Five-year plans of the People's Republic of China\">Five-Year Plan</a> (1953\u20131958), which aimed to end Chinese dependence upon agriculture in order to become a world power. With the <a href=\"Soviet Union\">Soviet Union</a>'s assistance, new industrial plants were built and agricultural production eventually fell to a point where industry was beginning to produce enough capital that China no longer needed the USSR's support. The declared success of the First-Five Year Plan was to encourage Mao to instigate the Second <a href=\"Five-year plans of the People's Republic of China\">Five-Year Plan</a> in 1958. Mao also launched a phase of rapid <a href=\"collectivization\">collectivization</a>. The CPC introduced price controls as well as a <a href=\"Simplified Chinese character\">Chinese character simplification</a> aimed at increasing literacy. Large-scale industrialization projects were also undertaken.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Following the consolidation of power, Mao launched the First <a href=\\\"Five-year plans of the People's Republic of China\\\">Five-Year Plan</a> (1953\\u20131958), which aimed to end Chinese dependence upon agriculture in order to become a world power. \", \"With the <a href=\\\"Soviet Union\\\">Soviet Union</a>'s assistance, new industrial plants were built and agricultural production eventually fell to a point where industry was beginning to produce enough capital that China no longer needed the USSR's support. \", \"The declared success of the First-Five Year Plan was to encourage Mao to instigate the Second <a href=\\\"Five-year plans of the People's Republic of China\\\">Five-Year Plan</a> in 1958. \", \"Mao also launched a phase of rapid <a href=\\\"collectivization\\\">collectivization</a>. \", \"The CPC introduced price controls as well as a <a href=\\\"Simplified Chinese character\\\">Chinese character simplification</a> aimed at increasing literacy. \", \"Large-scale industrialization projects were also undertaken.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-107\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-107"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-109","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-109", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Programs pursued during this time include the <a href=\"Hundred Flowers Campaign\">Hundred Flowers Campaign</a>, in which Mao indicated his supposed willingness to consider different opinions about how China should be governed. Given the freedom to express themselves, liberal and intellectual Chinese began opposing the Communist Party and questioning its leadership. This was initially tolerated and encouraged. After a few months, however, Mao's government reversed its policy and persecuted those who had criticised the party, totaling perhaps , as well as those who were merely alleged to have been critical, in what is called the <a href=\"Anti-Rightist Movement\">Anti-Rightist Movement</a>. Authors such as <a href=\"Jung Chang\">Jung Chang</a> have alleged that the Hundred Flowers Campaign was merely a ruse to root out \"dangerous\" thinking.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Programs pursued during this time include the <a href=\\\"Hundred Flowers Campaign\\\">Hundred Flowers Campaign</a>, in which Mao indicated his supposed willingness to consider different opinions about how China should be governed. \", \"Given the freedom to express themselves, liberal and intellectual Chinese began opposing the Communist Party and questioning its leadership. \", \"This was initially tolerated and encouraged. \", \"After a few months, however, Mao's government reversed its policy and persecuted those who had criticised the party, totaling perhaps , as well as those who were merely alleged to have been critical, in what is called the <a href=\\\"Anti-Rightist Movement\\\">Anti-Rightist Movement</a>. \", \"Authors such as <a href=\\\"Jung Chang\\\">Jung Chang</a> have alleged that the Hundred Flowers Campaign was merely a ruse to root out \\\"dangerous\\\" thinking.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-109\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-109"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-111","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-111", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Li Zhisui, Mao's physician, suggested that Mao had initially seen the policy as a way of weakening opposition to him within the party and that he was surprised by the extent of criticism and the fact that it came to be directed at his own leadership. It was only then that he used it as a method of identifying and subsequently persecuting those critical of his government. The Hundred Flowers movement led to the condemnation, silencing, and death of many citizens, also linked to Mao's Anti-Rightist Movement, resulting in deaths possibly in the millions. ", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Li Zhisui, Mao's physician, suggested that Mao had initially seen the policy as a way of weakening opposition to him within the party and that he was surprised by the extent of criticism and the fact that it came to be directed at his own leadership. \", \"It was only then that he used it as a method of identifying and subsequently persecuting those critical of his government. \", \"The Hundred Flowers movement led to the condemnation, silencing, and death of many citizens, also linked to Mao's Anti-Rightist Movement, resulting in deaths possibly in the millions. \", \"\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-111\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-111"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-113","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-113", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "In January 1958, Mao launched the second <a href=\"Five-year plans of the People's Republic of China\">Five-Year Plan</a>, known as the <a href=\"Great Leap Forward\">Great Leap Forward</a>, a plan intended to turn China from an agrarian nation to an industrialized one and as an alternative model for economic growth to the Soviet model focusing on heavy industry that was advocated by others in the party. Under this economic program, the relatively small agricultural collectives that had been formed to date were rapidly merged into far larger <a href=\"people's commune\">people's commune</a>s, and many of the peasants were ordered to work on massive infrastructure projects and on the production of iron and steel. Some private food production was banned, and livestock and farm implements were brought under collective ownership.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"In January 1958, Mao launched the second <a href=\\\"Five-year plans of the People's Republic of China\\\">Five-Year Plan</a>, known as the <a href=\\\"Great Leap Forward\\\">Great Leap Forward</a>, a plan intended to turn China from an agrarian nation to an industrialized one and as an alternative model for economic growth to the Soviet model focusing on heavy industry that was advocated by others in the party. \", \"Under this economic program, the relatively small agricultural collectives that had been formed to date were rapidly merged into far larger <a href=\\\"people's commune\\\">people's commune</a>s, and many of the peasants were ordered to work on massive infrastructure projects and on the production of iron and steel. \", \"Some private food production was banned, and livestock and farm implements were brought under collective ownership.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-113\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-113"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-115","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-115", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Under the Great Leap Forward, Mao and other party leaders ordered the implementation of a variety of unproven and unscientific new agricultural techniques by the new communes. The combined effect of the diversion of labour to steel production and infrastructure projects, and cyclical <a href=\"natural disasters\">natural disasters</a> led to an approximately 15% drop in grain production in 1959 followed by a further 10% decline in 1960 and no recovery in 1961.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Under the Great Leap Forward, Mao and other party leaders ordered the implementation of a variety of unproven and unscientific new agricultural techniques by the new communes. \", \"The combined effect of the diversion of labour to steel production and infrastructure projects, and cyclical <a href=\\\"natural disasters\\\">natural disasters</a> led to an approximately 15% drop in grain production in 1959 followed by a further 10% decline in 1960 and no recovery in 1961.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-115\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-115"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-117","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-117", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "In an effort to win favour with their superiors and avoid being purged, each layer in the party hierarchy exaggerated the amount of grain produced under them. Based upon the fabricated success, party cadres were ordered to requisition a disproportionately high amount of that fictitious harvest for state use, primarily for use in the cities and urban areas but also for export. The result, compounded in some areas by drought and in others by floods, was that rural peasants were left with little food for themselves and many millions starved to death in the <a href=\"Great Chinese Famine\">Great Chinese Famine</a>. China's population suffered from the Great Famine during the late 20th century. This came as a result of the lack of food production and distribution to the population of China. The people of urban areas in China were given food stamps each month, but the people of rural areas were expected to grow their own crops and give some of the crops back to the government. The deaths in the rural parts of China out ranked the ones in the Urban cities. Also, the government of China continued to export food to other countries during the Great Famine; this food could have been used to feed the starving citizens. These factors led to the catastrophic death of about 52 million citizens. The famine was a direct cause of the death of some 30 million Chinese peasants between 1959 and 1962. Further, many children who became emaciated and malnourished during years of hardship and struggle for survival died shortly after the Great Leap Forward came to an end in 1962.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"In an effort to win favour with their superiors and avoid being purged, each layer in the party hierarchy exaggerated the amount of grain produced under them. \", \"Based upon the fabricated success, party cadres were ordered to requisition a disproportionately high amount of that fictitious harvest for state use, primarily for use in the cities and urban areas but also for export. \", \"The result, compounded in some areas by drought and in others by floods, was that rural peasants were left with little food for themselves and many millions starved to death in the <a href=\\\"Great Chinese Famine\\\">Great Chinese Famine</a>. \", \"China's population suffered from the Great Famine during the late 20th century. \", \"This came as a result of the lack of food production and distribution to the population of China. \", \"The people of urban areas in China were given food stamps each month, but the people of rural areas were expected to grow their own crops and give some of the crops back to the government. \", \"The deaths in the rural parts of China out ranked the ones in the Urban cities. \", \"Also, the government of China continued to export food to other countries during the Great Famine; this food could have been used to feed the starving citizens. \", \"These factors led to the catastrophic death of about 52 million citizens. \", \"The famine was a direct cause of the death of some 30 million Chinese peasants between 1959 and 1962. \", \"Further, many children who became emaciated and malnourished during years of hardship and struggle for survival died shortly after the Great Leap Forward came to an end in 1962.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-117\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-117"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-119","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-119", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "The extent of Mao's knowledge of the severity of the situation has been disputed. Mao's physician believed that he may have been unaware of the extent of the famine, partly due to a reluctance to criticise his policies, and the willingness of his staff to exaggerate or outright fake reports regarding food production. Upon learning of the extent of the starvation, Mao vowed to stop eating meat, an action followed by his staff.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"The extent of Mao's knowledge of the severity of the situation has been disputed. \", \"Mao's physician believed that he may have been unaware of the extent of the famine, partly due to a reluctance to criticise his policies, and the willingness of his staff to exaggerate or outright fake reports regarding food production. \", \"Upon learning of the extent of the starvation, Mao vowed to stop eating meat, an action followed by his staff.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-119\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-119"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-121","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-121", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Hong Kong-based historian <a href=\"Frank Dik\u00f6tter\">Frank Dik\u00f6tter</a>, challenged the notion that Mao did not know about the famine throughout the country until it was too late:", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Hong Kong-based historian <a href=\\\"Frank Dik\\u00f6tter\\\">Frank Dik\\u00f6tter</a>, challenged the notion that Mao did not know about the famine throughout the country until it was too late:\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-121\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-121"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-123","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-123", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "The idea that the state mistakenly took too much grain from the countryside because it assumed that the harvest was much larger than it was is largely a myth\u2014at most partially true for the autumn of 1958 only. In most cases the party knew very well that it was starving its own people to death. At a secret meeting in the Jinjiang Hotel in Shanghai dated March 25, 1959, Mao specifically ordered the party to procure up to one third of all the grain, much more than had ever been the case. At the meeting he announced that \"To distribute resources evenly will only ruin the Great Leap Forward. When there is not enough to eat, people starve to death. It is better to let half of the people die so that the other half can eat their fill.\"", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"The idea that the state mistakenly took too much grain from the countryside because it assumed that the harvest was much larger than it was is largely a myth\\u2014at most partially true for the autumn of 1958 only. \", \"In most cases the party knew very well that it was starving its own people to death. \", \"At a secret meeting in the Jinjiang Hotel in Shanghai dated March 25, 1959, Mao specifically ordered the party to procure up to one third of all the grain, much more than had ever been the case. \", \"At the meeting he announced that \\\"To distribute resources evenly will only ruin the Great Leap Forward. \", \"When there is not enough to eat, people starve to death. \", \"It is better to let half of the people die so that the other half can eat their fill.\\\"\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-123\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-123"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-125","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-125", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Professor Emeritus Thomas P. Bernstein of <a href=\"Columbia University\">Columbia University</a> offered his view on Mao's statement on starvation in the March 25, 1959, meeting:", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Professor Emeritus Thomas P. Bernstein of <a href=\\\"Columbia University\\\">Columbia University</a> offered his view on Mao's statement on starvation in the March 25, 1959, meeting:\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-125\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-125"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-129","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-129", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "In the article \"Mao Zedong and the Famine of 1959\u20131960: A Study in Wilfulness\", published in 2006 in \"<a href=\"The China Quarterly\">The China Quarterly</a>\", Professor Thomas P. Bernstein also discussed Mao's change of attitudes during different phases of the Great Leap Forward:", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"In the article \\\"Mao Zedong and the Famine of 1959\\u20131960: A Study in Wilfulness\\\", published in 2006 in \\\"<a href=\\\"The China Quarterly\\\">The China Quarterly</a>\\\", Professor Thomas P. Bernstein also discussed Mao's change of attitudes during different phases of the Great Leap Forward:\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-129\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-129"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-131","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-131", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "In late autumn 1958, Mao Zedong strongly condemned widespread practices of the Great Leap Forward (GLF) such as subjecting peasants to exhausting labour without adequate food and rest, which had resulted in epidemics, starvation and deaths. At that time Mao explicitly recognized that anti-rightist pressures on officialdom were a major cause of \"production at the expense of livelihood.\" While he was not willing to acknowledge that only abandonment of the GLF could solve these problems, he did strongly demand that they be addressed. After the July 1959 <a href=\"Lushan Conference\">clash at Lushan</a> with <a href=\"Peng Dehuai\">Peng Dehuai</a>, Mao revived the GLF in the context of a new, extremely harsh anti-rightist campaign, which he relentlessly promoted into the spring of 1960 together with the radical policies that he previously condemned. Not until spring 1960 did Mao again express concern about abnormal deaths and other abuses, but he failed to apply the pressure needed to stop them. Given what he had already learned about the costs to the peasants of GLF extremism, the Chairman should have known that the revival of GLF radicalism would exact a similar or even bigger price. Instead, he wilfully ignored the lessons of the first radical phase for the sake of achieving extreme ideological and developmental goals.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"In late autumn 1958, Mao Zedong strongly condemned widespread practices of the Great Leap Forward (GLF) such as subjecting peasants to exhausting labour without adequate food and rest, which had resulted in epidemics, starvation and deaths. \", \"At that time Mao explicitly recognized that anti-rightist pressures on officialdom were a major cause of \\\"production at the expense of livelihood.\\\" While he was not willing to acknowledge that only abandonment of the GLF could solve these problems, he did strongly demand that they be addressed. \", \"After the July 1959 <a href=\\\"Lushan Conference\\\">clash at Lushan</a> with <a href=\\\"Peng Dehuai\\\">Peng Dehuai</a>, Mao revived the GLF in the context of a new, extremely harsh anti-rightist campaign, which he relentlessly promoted into the spring of 1960 together with the radical policies that he previously condemned. \", \"Not until spring 1960 did Mao again express concern about abnormal deaths and other abuses, but he failed to apply the pressure needed to stop them. \", \"Given what he had already learned about the costs to the peasants of GLF extremism, the Chairman should have known that the revival of GLF radicalism would exact a similar or even bigger price. \", \"Instead, he wilfully ignored the lessons of the first radical phase for the sake of achieving extreme ideological and developmental goals.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-131\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-131"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-133","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-133", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "In \"\", <a href=\"Jasper Becker\">Jasper Becker</a> notes that Mao was dismissive of reports he received of food shortages in the countryside and refused to change course, believing that peasants were lying and that rightists and <a href=\"kulaks\">kulaks</a> were hoarding grain. He refused to open state granaries, and instead launched a series of \"anti-grain concealment\" drives that resulted in numerous purges and suicides. Other violent campaigns followed in which party leaders went from village to village in search of hidden food reserves, and not only grain, as Mao issued quotas for pigs, chickens, ducks and eggs. Many peasants accused of hiding food were tortured and beaten to death.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"In \\\"\\\", <a href=\\\"Jasper Becker\\\">Jasper Becker</a> notes that Mao was dismissive of reports he received of food shortages in the countryside and refused to change course, believing that peasants were lying and that rightists and <a href=\\\"kulaks\\\">kulaks</a> were hoarding grain. \", \"He refused to open state granaries, and instead launched a series of \\\"anti-grain concealment\\\" drives that resulted in numerous purges and suicides. \", \"Other violent campaigns followed in which party leaders went from village to village in search of hidden food reserves, and not only grain, as Mao issued quotas for pigs, chickens, ducks and eggs. \", \"Many peasants accused of hiding food were tortured and beaten to death.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-133\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-133"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-135","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-135", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Whatever the cause of the disaster, Mao lost esteem among many of the top party cadres. He was eventually forced to abandon the policy in 1962, and he lost political power to moderate party leaders such as <a href=\"Liu Shaoqi\">Liu Shaoqi</a> and <a href=\"Deng Xiaoping\">Deng Xiaoping</a>. Mao, however, supported by national propaganda, claimed that he was only partly to blame for the famine. As a result, Mao was forced to step down as President of the Communist Party of China on April 27, 1959, but was able to remain in his top position as Chairman of the Communist Party, with the Presidency of the party and the state transferred to Liu Shaoqi.", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Whatever the cause of the disaster, Mao lost esteem among many of the top party cadres. \", \"He was eventually forced to abandon the policy in 1962, and he lost political power to moderate party leaders such as <a href=\\\"Liu Shaoqi\\\">Liu Shaoqi</a> and <a href=\\\"Deng Xiaoping\\\">Deng Xiaoping</a>. \", \"Mao, however, supported by national propaganda, claimed that he was only partly to blame for the famine. \", \"As a result, Mao was forced to step down as President of the Communist Party of China on April 27, 1959, but was able to remain in his top position as Chairman of the Communist Party, with the Presidency of the party and the state transferred to Liu Shaoqi.\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-135\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-135"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-208","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-208", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Mao's English interpreter <a href=\"Sidney Rittenberg\">Sidney Rittenberg</a> wrote in his memoir \"The Man Who Stayed Behind\" that whilst Mao \"was a great leader in history\", he was also \"a great criminal because, not that he wanted to, not that he intended to, but in fact, his wild fantasies led to the deaths of tens of millions of people.\" <a href=\"Li Rui (Communist Party of China)\">Li Rui</a>, Mao's personal secretary, goes further and claims he was dismissive of the suffering and death caused by his policies: \"Mao's way of thinking and governing was terrifying. He put no value on human life. The deaths of others meant nothing to him.\"", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Mao's English interpreter <a href=\\\"Sidney Rittenberg\\\">Sidney Rittenberg</a> wrote in his memoir \\\"The Man Who Stayed Behind\\\" that whilst Mao \\\"was a great leader in history\\\", he was also \\\"a great criminal because, not that he wanted to, not that he intended to, but in fact, his wild fantasies led to the deaths of tens of millions of people.\\\" <a href=\\\"Li Rui (Communist Party of China)\\\">Li Rui</a>, Mao's personal secretary, goes further and claims he was dismissive of the suffering and death caused by his policies: \\\"Mao's way of thinking and governing was terrifying. \", \"He put no value on human life. \", \"The deaths of others meant nothing to him.\\\"\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-208\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-208"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-210","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-210", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "In their 832-page biography, \"\", <a href=\"Jung Chang\">Jung Chang</a> and <a href=\"Jon Halliday\">Jon Halliday</a> take a very critical view of Mao's life and influence. For example, they note that Mao was well aware that his policies would be responsible for the deaths of millions. While discussing labour-intensive projects such as waterworks and making steel, Mao said to his inner circle in November 1958: \"Working like this, with all these projects, half of China may well have to die. If not half, one-third, or one-tenth\u201450 million\u2014die.\"", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"In their 832-page biography, \\\"\\\", <a href=\\\"Jung Chang\\\">Jung Chang</a> and <a href=\\\"Jon Halliday\\\">Jon Halliday</a> take a very critical view of Mao's life and influence. \", \"For example, they note that Mao was well aware that his policies would be responsible for the deaths of millions. \", \"While discussing labour-intensive projects such as waterworks and making steel, Mao said to his inner circle in November 1958: \\\"Working like this, with all these projects, half of China may well have to die. \", \"If not half, one-third, or one-tenth\\u201450 million\\u2014die.\\\"\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-210\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-210"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-212","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-212", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "Thomas Bernstein of <a href=\"Columbia University\">Columbia University</a> argues that this quotation is taken out of context, claiming:", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"Thomas Bernstein of <a href=\\\"Columbia University\\\">Columbia University</a> argues that this quotation is taken out of context, claiming:\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-212\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-212"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-214","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-214", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "The Chinese original, however, is not quite as shocking. In the speech, Mao talks about massive earthmoving irrigation projects and numerous big industrial ones, all requiring huge numbers of people. If the projects, he said, are all undertaken simultaneously \"half of China's population unquestionably will die; and if it's not half, it'll be a third or ten percent, a death toll of 50 million people.\" Mao then pointed to the example of Guangxi provincial Party secretary, ( ) who had been dismissed in 1957 for failing to prevent famine in the previous year, adding: \"If with a death toll of 50 million you didn't lose your jobs, I at least should lose mine; whether I should lose my head would also be in question. Anhui wants to do so much, which is quite all right, but make it a principle to have no deaths.\"", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"The Chinese original, however, is not quite as shocking. \", \"In the speech, Mao talks about massive earthmoving irrigation projects and numerous big industrial ones, all requiring huge numbers of people. \", \"If the projects, he said, are all undertaken simultaneously \\\"half of China's population unquestionably will die; and if it's not half, it'll be a third or ten percent, a death toll of 50 million people.\\\" Mao then pointed to the example of Guangxi provincial Party secretary, ( ) who had been dismissed in 1957 for failing to prevent famine in the previous year, adding: \\\"If with a death toll of 50 million you didn't lose your jobs, I at least should lose mine; whether I should lose my head would also be in question. \", \"Anhui wants to do so much, which is quite all right, but make it a principle to have no deaths.\\\"\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-214\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-214"}},{"_index":"beerqa_wiki_doc_para_link","_type":"doc","_id":"wiki-19527-279","_score":94.26364,"_routing":"wiki-19527","_source":{"id": "wiki-19527-279", "url": "no_url", "doctype": {"name": "para", "parent": "wiki-19527"}, "title": "Mao Zedong", "title_unescape": "Mao Zedong", "text": "<a href=\"Ross Terrill\">Ross Terrill</a> noted Mao was a \"son of the soil\u00a0... rural and unsophisticated\" in origins, while <a href=\"Clare Hollingworth\">Clare Hollingworth</a> asserted he was proud of his \"peasant ways and manners\", having a strong Hunanese accent and providing \"earthy\" comments on sexual matters. <a href=\"Lee Feigon\">Lee Feigon</a> noted that Mao's \"earthiness\" meant that he remained connected to \"everyday Chinese life.\"", "original_json": "{\"title\": \"Mao Zedong\", \"text\": [\"<a href=\\\"Ross Terrill\\\">Ross Terrill</a> noted Mao was a \\\"son of the soil\\u00a0... \", \"rural and unsophisticated\\\" in origins, while <a href=\\\"Clare Hollingworth\\\">Clare Hollingworth</a> asserted he was proud of his \\\"peasant ways and manners\\\", having a strong Hunanese accent and providing \\\"earthy\\\" comments on sexual matters. \", \"<a href=\\\"Lee Feigon\\\">Lee Feigon</a> noted that Mao's \\\"earthiness\\\" meant that he remained connected to \\\"everyday Chinese life.\\\"\"], \"docid\": \"wiki-19527-279\"}", "docid": "wiki-19527-279"}}]}}